Self-harm: what you need to know

What is self-harm? 

Self-harm is when a person deliberately injures or hurts themselves with or without the intention of dying. 

The reasons for self-harm are different for each person and are often complex.

Self-harm can include:

• cuts, burns, bites or scratches to the skin
• aggravating wounds or scabs so they don’t heal
• hits or punches to the body
• hair pulling
• ingesting harmful substances like poisons, or over-the-counter or prescription medications.

People who self-harm will often show warning signs through their behaviour. Signs that someone may be self-harming can include:

• changes in mood
• secrecy
• avoidance of situations where they have to expose their arms or legs
• strange excuses for injuries
• social avoidance.

While these signs may indicate self-harm, they can also apply to other mental health issues.

Why do people self-harm?

There are many reasons why people self-harm and it can be complex.

Self-harm is often a way for someone to manage distress or painful feelings. The pain they experience may give them short-term relief from these feelings. But the feeling of relief after self-harming is only short term, which means people are more likely to self-harm again.

Reasons for self-harming may include:

• distress caused by feelings or memories
• inner pain or strong emotions
• self-punishment for feelings of guilt or shame
• loneliness
• a signal for help.

Triggers for self-harm may include:

• bullying
• school or work problems
• relationship problems
• low self-esteem.

People who live with mental health concerns or those who have experienced physical, emotional or sexual abuse are at increased risk of self-harming.

Can you stop self-harm?

Self-harm behaviour is treatable, and support may include:

• working on recognising triggers
• learning how to manage difficult emotions
• help with self-care like caring for wounds
• learning coping strategies.

Another approach is to find ways for people who self-harm to channel their energy into other activities such as:

• a journal
• exercise
• mindfulness
• a fidget spinner
• meditation
• puzzles
• craft activities like knitting or colouring.

How do you help someone who self-harms?

People who self-harm need care, understanding and support to recover.

If you think someone you know might be self-harming, it’s important to talk to them about it and encourage them to seek professional help.

Don’t try to force them to stop, as it can make matters worse.